La reserva natural subterránea (RNS) Fuente de la Lechera está situada al pie de un farallón en la comarca del Alto Sil de la Cordillera Cantábrica, en el municipio de Palacios de Sil en la provincia de León. Presenta una superficie de 2,76 km2 y se localiza en la masa de agua subterránea ES010MSBT011-023 Alto Sil, en la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Miño-Sil.
El acuífero que constituye esta RNS está formado por calizas marmorizadas del Cámbrico inferior-medio siendo su límite inferior las pizarras, cuarcitas y areniscas del Precámbrico, que actúan como barrera impermeable.
La recarga del acuífero se produce principalmente a través del agua de lluvia. En las calizas marmorizadas se observan grandes procesos de disolución, karstificación y dedolomitización que dan lugar a varias simas y cuevas en la zona, como la conocida Cueva del Rayo, que suponen vías de infiltración preferencial del agua al acuífero. Estas estructuras dan a su vez nombre a la población de Cuevas del Sil. La descarga se realiza a través del manantial Fuente de la Lechera, que da nombre a la RNS, con un caudal medio de unos 55 l/s, ubicado a una cota de 894 m.s.n.m. Este manantial está situado en la intersección de las calizas marmóreas con el cauce del río Sil, al cual drena sus aguas por su margen derecha.
Además de su especial importancia desde el punto de vista de las aguas subterráneas, la zona donde se encuentra la RNS destaca por formar parte de la Red Natura 2000, así como por estar incluida en el ámbito del Plan de Recuperación del Oso Pardo.
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