El río Arbillas es un ejemplo representativo de los ríos de las gargantas de Gredos-Béjar. El régimen hidrológico es pluvial mediterráneo, permanente, sin alteración, salvo en el último tramo en donde las captaciones para uso agrícola disminuyen moderadamente el caudal circundante.
En su tramo alto el río discurre por un estrecho fluvial con un lecho rocoso y colmado de bolos graníticos; al ir disminuyendo la pendiente, los saltos y pozas dan lugar a rápidos y remansos hasta que el valle se abre en su último tramo, antes de la confluencia con el río Muelas, y se transforma en un río de llanura en donde las vegas cultivadas han respetado una banda riparia de un ancho considerable.
La vegetación ribereña muestra un alto grado de naturalidad, ausente en el tramo de cabecera en el que domina el cervunal (Nardus stricta) salpicado de matorral espinoso, toma entidad aguas abajo con una densa lorera de Prunus lusitanica que da paso a una bien estructurada aliseda hercínica. Entre la fauna detectada, destaca la presencia de mirlo acuático (Cinclus cinclus). El tramo y su entorno constituyen una zona de gran valor natural y paisajístico, consecuencia del equilibrio en la dinámica de los procesos fluviales.
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