La Autoridad Internacional de Fondos Marinos (AIFM) es una organización autónoma establecida bajo el paraguas de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (UNCLOS, 1982) y el Acuerdo de 1994 relativo a la aplicación de la Parte XI de dicha Convención, a través de la cual los Estados Parte de UNCLOS organizan y controlan las actividades en los fondos marinos y oceánicos fuera de los límites de la jurisdicción nacional, en particular con miras a administrar sus recursos. La AIFM cuenta con 170 miembros, todos ellos Estados, excepto uno, la Unión Europea.
Esta zona marina y sus recursos son patrimonio común de la humanidad y todos los derechos sobre los recursos corresponden a la humanidad en su conjunto, en cuyo nombre actúa la Autoridad. La AIFM tiene el mandato de asegurar una protección ambiental efectiva del medio marino frente a los efectos que podrían causar las actividades de explotación de los fondos marinos.
Durante los últimos años la AIFM ha estado desarrollando un reglamento para regular la explotación de los recursos minerales de los fondos marinos que se encuentran fuera de los límites de la jurisdicción nacional. El texto está actualmente en negociaciones en el Consejo de la AIFM. Dada la gran complejidad técnica de este reglamento, el Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico participa apoyando al Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación en las sesiones de negociación del texto. En concreto, la Subdirección General de Relaciones Internacionales coordina a las diversas unidades con competencias en la materia de las Secretarías de Estado de Medio Ambiente y de Energía, en especial en las labores de elaboración y revisión de enmiendas al texto del reglamento y también mediante la participación presencial en las sesiones del Consejo y de la Asamblea de la AIFM en Kingston (Jamaica). España ha abogado en todo momento por alcanzar un reglamento respetuoso con el medio ambiente, basado en el principio de precaución y que garantice la preservación del medio marino, tanto de sus ecosistemas como de la biodiversidad que alberga.
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